有效制裁与“正义制裁”——论国际经济制裁的政治动因与伦理维度

Strive for "Just Sanctions":An Anatomy of the Political Causes and Ethical Dimensions of International Economic Sanctions

国际经济制裁作为一种重要的对外政策工具,在冷战后不仅使用更加频繁,还由一种国家间对抗工具演变为一种国际干涉手段。但经济制裁不仅较少达到预期目的,还时常造成严重的政治后果与人道危机。经济制裁作为军事行动的一种替代手段,与"正义战争"的思想传统和国际规范相比,不仅远未得到充分研究,在实践上也更加缺少伦理与法理规范。通过考察经济制裁的历史演进、内涵与类型、目的与后果、政治动因与伦理向度,作者认为,面对经济制裁的局限性特别是其中的各种两难困境,国际社会亟待确立和完善"正义制裁"的国际规范,严格界定其实施前提、执行主体以及手段和目标,以保证其合理性与有效性,防止滥用或误用。对于具有国际干涉性质的制裁,其首要价值标准是国际社会共同利益,核心原则是联合国框架内的多边主义。

As an important diplomatic instrument, economic sanction has been exercised frequently in the post-Cold War era and evolved from a rivalry instrument into a method of intervention. But economic sanctions have seldom achieved their anticipated goals, and always brought about unexpected political consequences and humanitarian crisis. By investigating their historical practices, connotations and patterns, political motivations and practical effects as well as its ethical and moral dimensions, the author argues that international society should establish principles and norms for ‘Just Sanctions’, clarifying and defining the prerequisites, objectives and measures of economic sanctions, so as to ensure their justness and efficiency and prevent them from abuses and misuses. The author finally concludes that ‘interventional sanctions’ can only be evaluated in light of the common interests of human beings and exercised within the UN multilateral framework.