短跑中足底与起跑器间三维作用力研究

Analysis of the 3D Impact Force between Shoe Sole and Starting Blocks in Sprint

起跑技术是短跑中最重要的环节。探讨符合人体生物力学特征的最佳起跑动作,可以使运动员在起跑时能够迅速、及时地摆脱静止状态,获得尽量大的起跑初速度。针对蹲踞式起跑进行运动生物力学比较分析,将新型三维测力传感器安装在起跑器斜面,采集起跑器在不同角度和位置时的最大蹬力和达到最大蹬力的时间。分析发现,运动员在获得较大的向前动量时,起跑完成动作时间和保持平衡的力也相应增加。因此,选择起跑位置要综合考虑时间和力两者之间的关系,过分追求最大受力反而不利于跑出最佳成绩。结合起跑训练,对提高运动员起跑速度有一定的参考价值。

Sprint starting technique is the most important factor in short-distance running.For achieving the best starting moves fitting biomechanical characteristics of the human body,it is necessary to take comparative analysis on crouching start in biomechanics to obtain the fastest initial velocity through quick and timely departure from the quiescent state.In this paper,the sport biomechanics analysis in view of crouch start was carried on,and new 3D force transducer system on the starting block ’s inclined plane was applied.Experiments were conducted to test the maximum treadling forces and time duration to gain the forces at different angles and positions of starting block.The results showed that when athletes obtain larger forward momentum,the starting time and the force for holding balance also increases accordingly.Therefore,the starting position should be selected based on the consideration of both force and time factors.The choice of maximum force might adversely affect the running speed.