明末清初地方儒者的宗教关怀

On Religious Care of Local Confucian Intellectuals in the Late Ming Dynasty and Early Qing Dynasty

明末清初中国"不发达地区"的地方儒者——如陕西的文翔凤、广西的王启元、江西的谢文洊、河北的魏裔介等,他们在儒学信仰之外,在宗教问题领域亦别有一番思想旨趣值得关注。主要有三点:一、他们积极主张"事天""尊天""畏天""立命",其中甚至有人企图建立"孔教""儒教";二、他们对"天""上帝"等宗教问题的观念表述,应是晚明清初儒学与宗教互动格局的一种生动反映;三、他们应对外来天主教的态度各异,或从传统宗教或从理学本位的角度来排斥或评价外来新宗教。明清之际的这些思想新动向足以提供许多深刻的省思。

In the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, local Confucian intellectuals in some undeveloped areas of China, such as Wen Xiangfeng in Shanxi, Wang Qiyuan in Guangxi, Xie Wenjian in Jiangxi, Wei Yijie in Hebei, etc., not only showed their faith in Confucianism, but also highlighted their thinking on some religious issues. In this paper, three aspects are discussed as following. Firstly, they proposed actively with the view of ＂serving the Heaven＂, ＂respecting the Heaven＂, ＂holding in awe to the Heaven＂ and ＂putting down some roots＂; some of them even attempted to establish a kind of religion as ＂Confucianism＂. Secondly, the concept definition of religious issues, such as ＂the Heaven＂, ＂the God＂, etc., is a vivid mirror of the interaction between Confucianism and religions in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. Thirdly, they held quite different attitudes towards the Catholicism, rejecting or evaluating the foreign religion from the perspective of traditional religion or Confucian idealist philosophy. In a word, the new thinking trend between Ming and Qing Dynasties brings us much reflection.