试论波斯对伯罗奔尼撒战争的介入

On the Involvement of Persia into the Peloponnesian War

公元前431年爆发的伯罗奔尼撒战争既是一场希腊世界的内战,同时也是雅典与波斯之间侵略与反侵略的战争。远在东方的波斯在公元前412年与斯巴达结盟,介入战争。波斯介入战争的根本原因是其想重新占领在希波战争中失去的小亚细亚西海岸的希腊城邦,向雅典复仇。希波战争后波斯与雅典之间长期的"冷战",斯巴达主动向波斯抛出"橄榄枝"寻求结盟,以及雅典远征西西里的惨败,最终促使波斯与斯巴达结盟。战争期间,波斯主要通过小亚细亚的总督对斯巴达进行军事和财政援助。波斯的介入不仅帮助斯巴达战胜雅典,赢得战争的胜利,而且还直接引发了公元前411年的雅典贵族寡头政变,开波斯干涉希腊城邦内部事务的先河。

The Peloponnesian War(431-404B.C.) was not only a civil war among Greek city-states led by Athens and Sparta respectively,but also a war between Athens and Persia.In 412 B.C.,Persia allied itself with Sparta and intervened in the war formally.The main reason of Persia's intervening in the war lies in wanting revenge against Athens and to reoccupy its lost lands on the west coast of Asia Minor during the Persian War.The 'Cold War' between Persia and Athens after the Persian War,the Sparta's falling back on Persia and the great failure of Athenian army in Sicily prompted Persia and Sparta to get allied.During the war,through Satraps in Asia Minor,Persia provided Sparta with military subsidies,which helped Sparta to won the war finally.Persia's intervention also led to the Athenian oligarchic revolution in 411 B.C.,and set a precedent for Persia's later intervention in Greek affairs.