药物法庭在台湾实施之可行性探讨

THE FEASIBILITY OF DRUG COURTS IN TAIWAN

近年来台湾毒品犯人数不断攀升,且累再犯比例已趋近8成,显示以刑罚处遇毒品施用者并无法达到戒瘾成效。对于药瘾者的戒治处遇,临床工作人员较支持「公共卫生」的观点,认为有效戒治才能真正减少毒品使用与累犯的出现。而持「公共安全」观点者则认为药物滥用者是一种犯罪行为,需长期严密监控才能避免故态复萌。从相关的文献可以发现,纯粹的「公共卫生」或「公共安全」观点都不能完全解决问题,以统整的方式结合小区处遇的治疗与持续的司法监督(药物法庭),才能有效达到药瘾戒治成效。药物法庭目前被认为是处理药物滥用问题最有效的方法之一,其所采取的方式包括:密集性的小区监控、持续参与法院听证会、长期治疗、合并治疗病发的心理疾病、治疗方式有实证基础。对犯罪人而言,药物法庭整合了公共健康与公共安全的观点,在药物滥用治疗体系中担任重要角色,而非是司法处罚的一环。本研究先分析国际间药物法庭方案措施,以及台湾药瘾戒治体系之成效与困境。继而透过质性访谈与座谈方式,邀请台湾药瘾戒治体系机关方案主要执行者参与座谈,并依据台湾刑事政策与法令规范之设计,评估药物法庭之司法矫正系统与药瘾治疗系统统整模式在台湾实施之可行性。目前台湾毒品危害防治条例已具备转向制度,但药物法庭的概念并不仅止于转向而已,药物法庭强调的是司法系统和戒瘾体系之间的协调,不同于传统刑事司法的转向处遇将监督权委外,在药物法庭计划里,法官需协调观护人、个案管理人和处遇供应者以掌管处遇的过程,并确保可以提供充足的治疗方案,且当有违法的事件发生时,能提供立即予以制裁。药物法庭之设立目的乃藉由法庭来管理药瘾者之戒治,结合社会、小区与医疗资源,促使药瘾者能够回归社会正常生活,而非仅将药瘾者由司法处遇体系转介至药瘾戒治体系,药瘾者之戒治仍为药物法庭之核心目标。因此药物法庭的设置概念与台湾现有的少年法院理念与设置概念更为相近,若能以少年法庭之概念设立药物法庭,当能更有效处理毒瘾问题,提供有效的司法监督与医疗戒瘾、小区合作关系。

Recent years, the number of drug offenders in Taiwan is increasing, and the recidivism is close to 80%. All of these indicate that penalty can not improve the effective of abusers＇ abstinence from drug. When it comes to abusers＇ intervention issue, most clinic practitioners support ＂public health＂ perspective and think effective treatment should ameliorate drug use and recidivism problems while those who hold ＂public safety＂ perspective will think drug abuse is the kind of crime and should be put under surveillance to avoid their relapse. Research evidences indicate that both of the perspectives can not solve the problems and the integrative way shows the better result. So far, drug courts are regards as one of the most effective measures in drug intervention. The ways it takes include intensive community- based monitoring, continuing involvement in public hearings, longterm cure, evidence -based treatment, etc.. Essentially, drug courts are shaped on the basis of eclectic view between ＂ public health＂ perspective and ＂ public safety＂ perspective and are different from traditional criminal justice system. Qualitative and focus group interviews were adopted to collect data from judges, prosecutors,psychiatrists, probation officers, wardens, psychologists, and social workers, to discuss and evaluate the feasibility of drug courts in Taiwan. The mission of drug courts is to play a central role of combining social services, community networks, and medical resources, with an effort to actively support the rehabilitation into the society of drug abusers rather than to simply refer drug abusers to undergoing drug treatment from the criminal justice systems to medical systems. It seems that the conception of drug courts is similar to that of Taiwan＇ s juvenile courts. As a result, if drug courts are established thereof, drug abuse cases may be handled more effectively.