转承责任基本理论问题新探

On Some Theoretical Issues of Vicarious Liability

转承责任是一种责任人因与他人间的特定基础关系而对他人的侵权行为承担民事责任的责任形式和法律制度,其最显著的特征在于责任人与侵权行为人相分离。转承责任不等同于替代责任,更不等同于特殊侵权责任。转承责任基础关系类别决定了转承责任可分为为行为人利益的转承责任和为责任人利益的转承责任两大类;为责任人利益的转承责任实质上就是使用人转承责任,使用人转承责任又可分为支配关系的使用人转承责任和利用关系的使用人转承责任。转承责任立法理由,众说纷纭,从不同侧面揭示了转承责任法律制度存在的合理性,我们不应将它们孤立开来。

A vicarious liability is a liability form as well as a legal system, which means that the liability bearer assumes the civil liability for the tortfeasor because of a certain basic relation between them. Its striking feature lies in that the liability bearer is different from the tortfeasor. Vicarious liability differs from substitutable liability and also from special tort liability. The classifications of the basic relations in vicarious liabilities divide vicarious liabilities into tortfeasor-benefiting vicarious liabilities and liability bearer-benefiting vicarious liabilities, the latter is itself a kind of user＇ s vicarious liabilities, which can be subdivided into dominating relation-based user＇ s vicarious liability and utilizing relation-based user＇ s vicarious liabilities. The opinions on the legislative grounds of vicarious liabilities vary; they cannot be isolated to understand.