转喻视角下一词多义现象解析——以英汉人体词为例

THE STUDY OF POLYSEMY IN THE FRAME OF METONYMY Take Body-Part Terms as Examples

一词多义是语言中的普遍现象。传统语义学认为多义词的各个义项之间没有必然联系,多个义项的产生是任意的。认知语义学认为,词义的延伸主要是通过隐喻和转喻的认知思维方式来实现的,而转喻是比隐喻更为基本的认知方式。根据转喻的概念和本质可以将转喻分成部分指代整体、整体指代部分、部分指代部分三种类型。英汉两种语言中的人体词有很多义项是通过转喻思维实现的,其义项延伸方式与转喻分类方式相对应,是用突显的方面指代同一认知框架内相邻但不突显的方面。

Polysemy is a common phenomenon in languages.According to traditional semantics there is no necessary link between different meanings of an item and the produce of these meanings is arbitrary.While in cognitive semantics,it is believed that metaphor and metonymy are two major types of word meaning extension with the latter more basic one.Based on the definition of metonymy this paper categorized it into three types,namely,parts refer to the whole,the whole refer to parts,some parts refer to other parts and accordingly,study the Polysemy phenomenon in body-part terms both in English and Chinese.In these two languages,many body-part terms extend their meanings by means of metonymy.The character of it is that under the same cognitive framework,the more salient aspect refers to the less salient one.