常用词“俟、待、候/等”历时更替考

Diachronic Changes of Frequently Used Words "Si,Dai,Hou/Deng"

表示"等待、等候"这一意义,"俟、待、候、等"的历时演变情况是:先秦用"俟"和"待",汉初始用"候";魏晋南北朝时期,除沿用先秦用例及仿古外,"俟"在口语中几乎不用,主要用"待",其次是"候";"等"表"等待、等候"义,始见于晚唐五代时期,此后的宋元时代,"待、候、等"一直处于竞争中,直到明代,"等"的使用比率才在口语化较强的文献中占绝对优势,表明"等"在口语中已基本替代"待"和"候"。"等"之"等待、等候"义产生是方言进入通语的结果。

This paper points out the diachronic changes of ＂Si,Dai,Hou/Deng＂,words indicating waiting.＂Si＂ and ＂Dai＂ were used in Pre-Qin Periods;＂Hou＂ was used from the beginning of Han Dynasty;in the Period of Wei,Jin and the South and North Dynasties,in addition to the former use,people frequently used ＂Dai＂ and ＂Hou＂,and ＂Si＂ was rarely used in spoken language;＂Deng＂ indicating ＂waiting＂ appeared in late Tang and Five Dynasties.Then in the Song and Yuan Dynasties,the use of ＂Dai＂,＂Hou＂ and ＂Deng＂ was in competition,and it was not until Ming Dynasty that ＂Deng＂ became dominant in literature using spoken language,which demonstrated that in oral communication ＂Deng＂ had replaced ＂Dai＂ and ＂Hou＂.The ＂waiting＂ sense of ＂Deng＂ is the result of dialect penetrating into commonly used language.