从平等走向自由——关于城乡人大代表差别选举的理论思考

From Equality to Liberty——Theoretical Thinkings of the Draft Amendment to the Electoral Law

选举法修正案草案取消了城乡代表权差异化配置的条款,这一显著变化表明我国选举制度向实现公民的完全平等迈出了一大步。但它具有的意义不只如此,它还为进一步实现公民选举权的自由维度提供了基础。从平等方面看,选举法的修改在公民投票权平等的基础上,实现了公民代表权的平等,也就是在"同票"的基础上实现了"同权"。按照城乡同比例选举,人民代表大会中城乡代表的比例会和社会构成中城乡比例一致起来,从而提高了人大对社会的代表性。当然,按照独立论的解释,过高的官员比例也同样是可能具有高代表性的。但这种争论只涉及到了问题的表层,最重要的问题应该是代表是如何产生的,这是与选举权中的自由向度紧密相连的问题。如果不能实现公民在选举中充分的自由权利,保证代表能够合理、公正地产生,那么平等也只能成为摆设。选举制度的进一步发展应该是在平等的基础上实现公民的自由选举权。这是选举法修改实现选举平等之后带给我们的进一步的理论思考。

The draft amendment to the Electoral Law has proposed equal electoral rights for urban and rural citizens,which indicates the electoral system of china will get a great development to realize citizen＇s equality.This amendmet means cizien＇s equal representation comes true on the base of the general suffrage.It is the issure of representativeness of Deputy to the People＇s Congress,which structure should be identical with that of society to enhance the representiveness,according to Principal-Agent Theory.If we analyse it according to the Independent Representation Theory,civil services mag also have hight representiveness.But the most important thing is how to elect a Deputy to the People＇s Congress,this is the liberty diamention of the right to vote.The equality will be a superficial right without the full liberty.The more development of the elcetorial system should realize the liberty diamention of the right to vote based of full saffrage.