英国现代化进程中的政治整合:过程、特点与启示

On the Political Integration in the UK's Pursuit of Modernization: Process,Features and Implications

工业革命和工业化的扩展,将英国从一个等级社会带入到了阶级分化的社会。在现代化的进程中,英国先后下放政治权力,对主要的工业阶级进行"体制容纳型整合";通过扩大社会权利,对国家公民进行了"服务型整合",充分体现了其渐进式整合的特点。通过实行两党政治,将不同的利益主张和政治压力纳入到议会中来,这构成了英国政治整合的组织特征;保守主义与自由主义兼备,贯穿于整个英国政治历史,则显示了其政治整合的文化特征。英国现代化进程中的政治整合实践,至少给我们四点启示:(一)政治整合是推动政治发展的关键环节;(二)整合主体的内部整合影响着政治整合的成败;(三)社会组织可以发挥一定的政治整合作用;(四)经济越是处于衰落期政治整合的压力越大。

The industrial revolution and its expansion have brought the UK from a traditional hierarchical society to a class-ridden society.In the 19th century,the state has mainly conducted an ＇institutional accommodation＇ by devoluting political rights to the main industrial classes.And,after the 20th century,a pattern of ＇service-oriented integration＇ was introduced by conferring and promoting social rights to citizens.The changes reflected the incremental characteristic of the political progress.Through the two-party politics,different interests and political pressures have been led into the parliament,which forms main organizations for the British political integration.And,the balance between conservatism and liberalism throughout the British political history characterized its political integration culturally.The history of political integration in the UK,at least gives us four implications：（a） political integration is a key procedure for promoting political development,（b） the degree of the internal integration among integrating subjects affects whether the political integration will be successful,（c） social organizations can play an important role in the political integration,and,（d） it will experience more great pressure on political integration when economic depression and fluctuation appear.