城市危机管理及其机制创新研究

Management in Urban Crisis and its Mechanism Innovation

城市危机主要包括自然灾害危机、意外事故危机、公共卫生危机和社会安全危机等四大类。为了解决城市危机给城市和社会带来的负面影响,城市危机管理应运而生。城市危机管理的成效需要相应的机制来保障,包括危机机构的设立、危机预案和法律法规的制定、危机预测评估、危机处理和政策制定等,依据工作重点的不同可分为储备、预警、控制和恢复四大阶段。当前我国城市危机管理主要存在以下问题:危机管理意识淡薄,危机管理认识有待于加强;城市危机教育不足;政府与公众在城市危机管理上存在沟通的"盲区";现有的城市危机管理模式越来越不适应社会的发展。为此,应该做到以下几点:树立城市危机意识,实现危机管理理念的全方位转型;加强法规体系建设,为城市危机管理提供坚实的法律保障;建立科学合理、高效、积极的城市危机预警系统;加强公民的危机管理教育,提高公民的危机管理参与意识和能力;构建城市危机管理的社会整体联动机制。

Urban crisis refer to all kinds of phenomena and processes,due to various natural and social factors and their interaction,which are detrimental to human life and properties and environment that may cause a city to lose its operation and coordination function in certain time and space.They include four classes： natural disaster crisis,urgent accident crisis,public hygiene crisis,and public security crisis.Urban crisis management emerges as a response to mitigate the negative impact of urban crisis.The effectiveness of urban crisis management have to be ensured by corresponding mechanisms,which cover from the establishment of crisis institutions,the formulation of preplan and legislation for the crisis,forecast and evaluation of crisis,processing and policy-making of crisis,etc.According to the focus,the whole work can be divided into four main stages： reserving,early-warning,control,and restoration.At present the problems in urban crisis management in China chiefly include： awareness and understanding in crisis management is weak and need to be enforced;education in city crisis is insufficient;there are ＂blind spots＂ communication between government and the public upon urban crisis management;and the current mode of urban crisis management is increasingly inadaptable to the development of the society.Therefore,the paper claims that the following points should be accomplished： to establish urban crisis awareness and to come to an all-round shift in ideas of crisis management;to facilitate legislation to provide a solid legal foundation for urban crisis management;to set up a scientific,effective,and active early warning system;to enforce urban crisis education to citizens so as to increase their awareness and ability to take part in crisis management;and to establish an interactive mechanism of urban crisis management with the society as a whole.