足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的显微外科修复选择

Microsurgical repair for soft tissue defects at the foot and ankle

目的 探讨应用带蒂皮瓣及游离皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的方法和临床疗效.方法 2008年3月至2010年3月共收治28例足踝部软组织缺损患者,男21例,女7例;年龄6～62岁,平均34.0岁.致伤原因：交通伤13例,机器压砸伤11例,坠落伤2例,慢性溃疡1例,烫伤1例.皮肤缺损面积4.0 cm×7.0 cm～11.0 cm×44.0 cm.术前根据患者足踝部软组织缺损及其他组织损伤情况,急诊或择期选择带蒂皮瓣或游离皮瓣移植修复足缺损,其中应用股前外侧皮瓣10例,腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣8例,内踝上穿支皮瓣4例,跗外侧皮瓣3例,足底内侧皮瓣2例,背阔肌皮瓣1例.术后对皮瓣的存活情况和愈合质量进行随访. 结果 28例患者术后获4～24个月（平均14个月）随访.2例术后出现皮瓣远端坏死,2例皮瓣边缘部分坏死,经换药、抗感染和植皮术后创面愈合;其余移植的皮瓣均成活,创面一期修复,皮瓣外形良好,质地、弹性好,足踝部功能恢复,行走正常. 结论 足踝部软组织缺损修复应根据损伤部位、面积及程度来决定选用邻近带蒂组织或游离组织移植修复.足跟及踝部缺损可选用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣、足底内侧皮瓣、内踝上皮瓣和跗外侧皮瓣等;大面积或广泛剥脱伤需选用游离皮瓣,如股前外侧皮瓣或背阔肌皮瓣;前足小范围缺损,应用跗外侧皮瓣进行修复有其优势.

Objective To explore surgical application of local and free flaps for repair of soft tissue defects at the foot and ankle. Methods Between March 2008 and March 2010, 28 cases of soft tissue defects at the foot and ankle were treated in our department. They were 21 males and 7 females with a mean age of 34. 0 years （range, 6 to 62 years） . Thirteen cases were caused by a traffic accident, 11 cases by machine crush, 2 cases by falling, one by chronic ulcer and one by burning. A local or free flap was used in the repair as an emergency or secondary treatment for all the 28 cases, mainly according to the severity of the soft tissue defects at the foot and ankle. The anterolateral thigh flap was used in 10 cases, the sural neurovascular flap in 8 cases, the medial supramalleolar flap in 4 cases, the lateral tarsal flap in 3 cases, the medial plantar flap in 2 cases and the latissimus dorsi flap in one case. The survival and healing of all the flaps were evaluated postoperatively. Results All the cases were followed up for 4 to 24 months postoperatively, with a mean time of 14 months. Distal flap necrosis occurred in 2 cases and edge necrosis in 2. The necroses were cured after dressing, anti-infection management and skin grafting. The rest were all successful at primary repair, with a good contour, texture and elasticity. The patients had restored their foot and ankle function and walked normally. Conclusions Application of a local or free flap for repair of soft tissue defects at the foot and ankle should depend on the location, size and severity of the injury. For heel and ankle defect repair, sural neurocutaneous flap, medial plantar flap, lateral supramalleolar flap or lateral tarsal flap can be used. A free flap, such as anterolateral thigh flap or latissimus dorsi flap, is the first choice for patients with an extensive open injury. The lateral tarsal flap has an advantage in repair of minor forefoot defects.