近代华北的农业生态与社会变迁─—兼论黄宗智“过密化”理论的不成立

TRADITIONAL NORTH-CHINA-PLAIN AGRO-ECOSTEM AND SOCIETY ──CRITICIZING PHILIP HUANG'S "INVOLUTIONARY THEORY

本文通过对华北平原农业生态系统的分析，得出三点重要结论。首先，在30年代农业生态系统的组成中，家畜饲养业由于人口压力加剧而萎缩。第二，传统农业生态系统常处于氮约束和水约束状态。第三，经济实力不同的农户在人力和畜力投入是不同的，拥有较多土地的农户投入较多的畜力、较少的人力，而拥有较少土地的农户则投入较多的人力、较少的畜力，但单位土地上的能投差异不大。华北农业发展过程并不像一些学者认为的那样，是一种“过吉化”过程。它应是一种生态变化过程，这种变化的特点是在人口压力下，人们被迫向较少地依赖畜力、较多地利用人力的技术转移.

:Three important conclusions are gotten from the analysis of traditional agroecosystem in North China plain ,First ,in the component of the 1930's agroecosystem ,peasant's animal husbandry decreased as population pressure became serious ;Second ,traditional agroecosystem is usually at N-Limitation and water-limitation .Third ,the amount of human and animal energy input changed according to land scale .Households own more land have more animals ,input ,but smaller human's .input and households own less land have more human's power but smaller draught animal's ,but difference of energy imput between two groups is not obvious .The change of production process is not like the theory of 'Agricultural Involution 'which is widely used by some scholars ,instead of that ,production change is mostly a ecological change ,the population pressure made peasant using more human labor and less animal power.