北京应急避难场所的区位优化配置分析

OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF EMERGENCY SHELTER FACILITIES IN BEIJING

在中国城市快速增长的背景下,城市公共服务设施的空间配置成为社会各界关注的热点问题。本文以北京市中心城区的应急避难场所为例,利用Voronoi多边形算法,研究应急避难场所的空间优化和配置。结论显示,北京市作为人口密集的国际大都市,其应急避难场所的建设存在一定的缺口,在空间上分布也不均衡;根据公共服务设施"均等化"的原则,北京市中心城区至少需要新建40多个大型应急避难场所;从公共服务设施配置的公平和效率原则出发,未来应急避难场所的建设重点不仅要增加数量和扩大规模,还应调整空间配置。

In contemporary China, how to achieve equity and efficiency for public service facilities＇ spatial distribution and rearrangement is one hot issue in the context of rapid urbanization process. Meanwhile, in order to avoid earthquakes, fires, explosions and other major natural disasters, emergency shelters play increasingly important roles in urban security. Nonetheless, researches on this issue are limited by the lack of systematic data, especially spatial data as well as other related data, and by the limitation of the traditional statistical model in establishing the complex causal relationship between the locations of public service facilities and their scale. This paper aims to explore general evaluation and actual description of the spatial distribution optimization of the urban emergency shelter facilities in Beijing, based on the Voronoi model and GIS analyzing methods. The results show that, firstly, Beijing is a large metropolis with a high population density, the capacity of emergency shelters could not meet the demand of the large population, and the spatial distribution of the emergency shelter facilities which have been built shows ＂uneven-distribution pattern＂; secondly, as the public service infxastructure network reaches the stage of ＂universal＂ and ＂equalization＂, it is estimated that the city governments need construct at least 42 new large-scale emergency shelter facilities in the downtown area, and these emergency shelter facilities will form a reasonable facilities＇ service-area network, covering the whole spatial area in the downtown place of Beijing; thirdly, as a public service facilities, the emergency shelter facilities play an important role in the construction of the safety city, so the further development of it will concentrate on how to make the best integration of the fairness and efficiency allocation for the public need, which will include not only the increase in the number and the expansion of the size of the emergency shelter facility, but also attach great importance to building a multi-level spatial arrangement structure, so as to achieve the greatest social benefits. The authors point out that this research can provide information for further urban construction and planning policy making.