女子配偶称呼语的历时考察分析

A Diachronic Analysis of the Appellations for Women′s Spouses

从历时的角度考察女子配偶称呼语,"夫、丈夫、良人、郎君、夫君、官人、相公、老公、男人"。"夫"是出现得最早的女子配偶称呼语。南宋时的杂剧中出现了"丈夫"作为女子配偶称呼语用法,从此"夫"与"丈夫"开始了竞争。明代口语中"丈夫"完全战胜了"夫"。"良人"是出现得最早的配偶称呼语之一,最早的是出现在《诗经》中,但它使用频率不高,唐诗是"良人"出现频率最高的文献,它的使用范围主要限于诗歌。"郎君"在唐代出现了女子配偶称呼语的用法。"夫君"到唐代可以用来称呼女子配偶。宋代"官人"才有了女子配偶面称称呼语的功能。作为"丈夫"意义的"老公",最早出现在南宋。中古时期,"相公"成为妻子对丈夫的敬称,主要出现在戏曲作品中。作为女子配偶称呼语的"男人",最早是在《红楼梦》中查到。从历史演变加上近10年间《人民日报》中使用的女子配偶称呼语使用情况,把历时考察与共时考察结合起来,又可总结出六条规律。女子配偶称呼语的历时演变一方面反映这一类词在语言系统中功能配置的演变,同时也折射出夫妻之间相互关系的时代变迁。

This is a diachronic analysis of the appellations for women′s spouses and focuses on such terms as Fu,Zhangfu,Liangren,Langjun,Fujun,Guanren,Xianggong,Laogong and Nanren.Fu appeared first and then Zhangfu appeared in Za-drama in the South Song dynasty.Both Fu and Zhangfu were used simultaneously for some time but Zhangfu won the battle in spoken language in the Ming dynasty.Liangren as one of the earliest appellations appeared first in The Book of Songs but not very popular and then appeared more frequently in the poems of the Tang dynasty.Langjun and Fujun were both used in the Tang dynasty.Guanren appeared in the Song Dynasty.Laogong refereeing to ＂husband＂ appeared in the South Song dynasty.Xianggong as an honorific appellation appeared mainly in dramas in mediaeval times.Nanren referring to ＂husband＂ appeared in the famous novel A Dream of Red Mansions.Based on a historical study and the past ten-year use of the appellations for women′s spouses in People′s Daily,this research summarizes six rules for such appellations,which mirror their functional changes in the linguistic system and the changing relations between the spouses.