从仲弓四问看战国早期儒家的政治关注

On the Political Attention of Confucians in the Early Warring States Period from the Four Discussions between Confucius and One of His Disciples Zhong Gong

上博简《仲弓》通过仲弓与孔子之间的问答,阐述了战国早期儒家的主要政治关注。简文针对施政纲领的讨论,包括强化社会伦常建设、强调官员的表率作用、主张举荐贤才以及宽政治民等四个方面,内容十分丰富。简文在强调社会教化与社会民生之间重要关系的同时,又从祭、丧、行三个方面论述了敬、爱等社会伦常的培养,尝试建立伦常教化的社会机制。值得注意的是,简文分别从忠与敬两个方面论述了臣子事君之道:既强调臣子要忠于职守,又提醒臣子要恭敬谨慎,避祸保身,反映出战国早期儒家臣道思想的多元特征。《仲弓》为我们了解儒家政治思想在战国早期这一特殊历史阶段的发展提供了重要的资料。

Zhong Gong of the bamboo slips in Shanghai Museum set forth the political opinions of the Confucians in the early Warring States Period through the discussions between Confucius and his disciple Zhong Gong. Concerning the administration principle, Confucius and Zhong Gong discussed four main points, including 1） paying great attention on constructing the social morality, 2） emphasizing the importance of official as a model, 3） recommending persons with a- bility, and 4） advocating ruling people leniently. In the bamboo strips, great attention was also paid on both the important relationship between social moralization and people＇s livelihood and the construction of some kind of social moralization training system within three social actions such as sacrificing,mourning and daily life. It should be noticed especially here that the bamboo strips pointed out that the minister must be both loyal and modest to his sovereign, the former of which meant to do his best to serve his sovereign,and the latter of which meant to be careful in order to avoid danger. The bamboo strips provided very important historical materials to study the development tendency of the Confucian＇s political thoughts in such a special phase of the early Warring States Period.