中国农村土地制度变迁的理论与经验研究述评

A Review on Rural Land Institutional Changes in China

1978年以来,中国的农村土地制度变迁与创新一直没有停止过,形成了以家庭承包经营为基础、农户替代生产队与合作组织替代农户并存的双层经营体制。中国的农村土地制度变迁与农业增长绩效为论证制度为什么重要贡献了经验证据。本文以土地集体所有制为基础,截取土地家庭承包制、土地流转制度、土地股份合作制等三个断面展开中国农村土地制度变迁研究的概貌。文献研究表明:(1)不论土地国有化、私有化还是集体所有完善论,一致认为明晰土地产权是前提,但在土地集体所有制的前提下,赋予农民长久不变并有保障的土地承包经营权更符合中国经济渐进转轨的路径依赖要求。(2)生存危机和自发演进为土地家庭承包制变迁和创新为什么会发生提供了生动的经济学解释,而博弈、政治参与及意愿等为土地家庭承包制如何变迁与创新提供了更为丰富的经济学解释,但应注意土地制度呈现地区差异性与多样化创新的同时,也存在地权不稳定性及福利保障化锁定等问题。(3)土地承包权流转和土地调整是边际意义上的制度变迁,有或多或少的效率和公平的双重作用。以土地流转为中介形成的土地股份合作,是在土地集体所有的前提下稳定和保障农民土地承包经营权,放活土地经营权而出现的合作组织替代农户的制度与组织创新。

Since 1978 rural land institution has formed the two-tier land management system,under which households' substitution for production team and cooperative's subustitution for household are coexisting at present.The studies on the relationshipinbetween land institutional change and agricultural growth in rural China contribute the empirical evidence to why institution is important.This paper reviews the research fruites in the field of land institutional change in rural China,and summaried the studies on collective ownership of land,household responsibility system,land administrative reallocation,land market and joint land cooperatives.The results show that whether land nationalization,privatization,or collective ownership agree to clear land property rights,however,ensuring farmers with a long-time stable and safty land contract management rights better conformed to the gradual economic transition under collective ownership of land.