俄国大改革前的地方自治传统

Tradition of Local Autonomous Government Prior to Russian Great Reform

俄罗斯有着深厚的地方自治传统,如古罗斯的市民大会和莫斯科国家的农村公社组织。在18世纪以前,俄国的地方自治主要是社会下层的地方性城乡公社的自治,但这种自治公社更多具有纳税公社的性质。以18世纪叶卡特琳娜二世颁布《城市解放诏书》和《贵族解放诏书》为标志,开始了以贵族等级和工商业等级为主的等级性的、社会上层的、城乡的地方自治。俄国的地方自治(Земство)传统中本没有西方近代自治(самоуправление)的含义,国家原则(集权原则)在俄国地方自治中占统治地位。不过,随着西方外部影响的加强,我们从中还是可以看到后来1864年俄国地方自治改革的大致趋向。

Russia has a profound tradition of local autonomous government,for example,the public assembly of ancient Ross and the rural commune organization of Moscow State.Before the 18th century,local autonomous government in Russia mainly took the form of autonomous government of local urban and rural communes of lower classes,characteristic of tax-paying communes.In the 18th century,Ekaterinna II promulgated the Edict of Urban Emancipation and the Edict of Noble Emancipation,which marked the beginning of gradable,upper-class and urban and rural local autonomous government overwhelmed by the noble class and industrial and merchant class.Russian local autonomous government,which contained no meaning of self-government in the western countries,was governed by the state principle,that is,the centralist principle.However,with the growth of external impact from the western countries,the basic trend of the 1864＇s Russian reform of local autonomous government can be clearly seen.