俄罗斯民法中单一制企业的主体地位及其过渡性——转型社会中“商业公营造物”的实证分析

The Subject Status and Transitivity of Unitary Enterprises in Russian Civil Law:The Empirical Analysis of "Commercial Public Institution" in the Transitional Society

当代俄罗斯民法中的单一制企业拥有"商业公营造物"的主体地位。这一具有"过渡"特色的主体形式是在批判继承苏联法律传统中国家企业法人制度与功能的基础上,在反思与整饬俄罗斯内部私有化时代法人制度弊端的过程中形成的,是对公营造物法人民法调整的结果。其主要价值在于既保障待私有化国家企业(一般单一制企业)资产的价值安全以及日后私有化利益公平分享,又促使不得私有化国家企业(国库企业)公共性目的优先实现,还预设了未来俄罗斯企业经济在公私领域间过渡体制。这些都使被归为向市场经济过渡性法人类型的单一制企业,因与法制化的社会经济转轨进程,乃至与后转轨时代的社会体制紧密联系,而无法被跨越与替代。这对国有企业改制进入攻坚阶段的当代中国应有参考与借鉴意义。

The unitary enterprises enjoy the subject status as ＂commercial public institution＂,in contemporary Russian civil law.This transitional subject is based on the critical inheritance of the institution and function of the state enterprises in the legal tradition of Soviet Union and forms in the process of rethinking and changing the defects of the legal person institution in the era of Russian internal privatization which is the outcome of the public institution adjusted by its civil law.Its main value lies both in the assurance of the safe of the asset of the privatized state enterprises（usually they are unitary enterprises）and the fair sharing of the potential interest of privatization and in the urging of the prior achievement of the public goals of the non-privatized state enterprises（state treasury enterprises）.It also pre-installs the future transitional institution of Russian enterprise economic between public and private area.All of these make the unitary enterprises,which are defined as the transitional form of legal person in market economy,indispensable and irreplaceable because of the close relation of the transition of legalized society and economy and of the social institution in the post-transitional era,which has referential significance for contemporary China while the transformation of our stated-owned enterprises enters a crucial stage.