扇贝养殖笼大型污损生物种类组成及分布的挂板研究

Research on Species Composition and Distribution of Large-Scale Fouling Organisms on Scallop Farming Cages Using Test Panels

2006年9月42007年8月，于青岛流清河湾扇贝养殖笼上进行了周年污损生物的人工挂板实验，共记录大型污损生物65种，优势种有：硬石莼、缘管浒苔、多管藻、太平洋牡蛎、紫贻贝、大室膜孔苔虫、莫氏二段海鞘。主要附着期在5～11月，月板最大湿质量出现在9月，为637．46g／m^2；季板最大湿质量出现在秋季，为3121．28g／m^2；半年板最大湿质量出现在下半年（942月），为5924．57g／m^2；年板湿质量为3551．58g／m^2。从污损生物种类的垂直分布看，表层板以藻类、端足类为主，底层板以双壳类、海鞘等污损动物为主；从全年的物种多样性变化看，夏、秋季物种数多于冬、春季，秋季群落的均匀程度低于其它3季。本文还探讨了下水季节、周期及物种依赖关系对污损生物群落的影响，初步拟出1年周期里污损生物群落的演替过程，认为微生物黏膜形成后，污损生物群落开始步人中期阶段并继续发展，它历经贝类、藻类、端足类、水螅等生物的相继出现与消亡，在年板上形成以紫贻贝为优势的复杂群落，但该群落还未达到最终的稳定阶段。

From September 2006 to August 2007, a study was conducted in Liuqing River Bay, Qingdao to examine the species composition and distribution of fouling organisms on scallop farming cages using test panels. A total of 65 species were identified, and the dominant species were Ulva rigida, Enteromorpha linza , Polysiphonia urceolata , Crassostrea gigas , Mytilus galloprovincialis , Membranipora grandiella and Didemnurn moseleyi. The main attachment period of the fouling organisms was from May to November. The monthly biomass reached a maximum （637. 46 g/m^2） in September, and the highest amount （3 121.28 g/m^2） of the seasonal biomass appeared in autumn. Among semiannual panels, the second half year-panel had the maximum biomass of 5 924. 57 g/m^2. The annual panel biomass was 3 551.58 g/m^2. The vertical distribution of the species indicated that the species were mainly algae and amphipodas on the top panels, while compared with the bottom panels, the species were mainly various fouling ani- mals such as bivalves, ascidians, and so on. From the view point of species diversity, the number of species in summer and autumn was larger than in winter and spring, and the community evenness was the lowest in autumn. We also discussed the effects of species interdependence, season and period of submersion on the fouling organisms community, and suggested a preliminary pattern for fouling organisms community succession as follows： following the microbial film phase, the fouling organisms community began to enter a medium-term phase, and then continued to develope. The community had experienced the successive emergence and disappearance of bivalves, algae, amphipodas and hydras in this phase. Finally, on the annual panels a variety of fouling organisms formed a complex community in which the dominant species was Mytilus galloprovincialis, but it had not reached stability.