外来物种入侵的民事责任承担——一种基于“外部性”视角的分析

On Civil Liabilities for Invasion of Alien Species——from an "Externalities" Perspective

为了避免负外部性,针对有意引种,应当设计许可证、清单、环境风险影响评估制度及相应的数据库;针对无意引种,就运输、旅游等活动或行业应设立外来物种入侵强制责任保险。为了矫正负外部性,针对有意引种入侵,由引种人承担无过错责任,其责任构成包括引种行为、他人合法权益或环境生态的损害及其之间的因果关系;考虑到有意引种人无法承担巨额的损害赔偿,建议设立相应的外来物种入侵责任保险和责任承担限额制度。不主张让无意引种人承担损害赔偿责任。在无意引种和自然原因引起外来物种入侵的情形,主张设立外来物种入侵的防治基金。涉及生态环境的损害,主张由当地的环境保护主管机构代表行使相应的救济权利。

In order to avoid ＂externalities＂ ,and in light of intentional introduction of alien species,regulations should be designed on the licensing system,list system,environmental risk assessment and the corresponding database. As for unintentional introduction,mandatory liability insurance against invasion of alien species should be applied to transport,tourism and other activities or trade. In order to rectify ＂externalities＂ ,strict liability should be imposed on intentional introducers of alien species,and the constitution of such liability includes intentional introduction,consequent damages on others＇ legitimate rights and environment and the causal relationship in-between. Considering the intentional introducers can not afford substantial damages,liability insurance and compensation limit should also established. It is not suggested that the unintentional introducers compensate for damages. The environmental funds for preventing and controlling alien species invasion should be set up in case of unintentional introduction and other natural causes. Besides,local supervisory departments for environmental protection shall exercise the relevant rights to remedies.