智能材料和智能结构——形状记忆材料

Smart materials and smart structures(1)——Shape-memory materials

研究了形状记忆材料,如形状记忆合金、陶瓷和聚合物的结构、生产方法、特性和应用。形状记忆材料具有许多优秀的智能特性,例如传感(热、应力和场)、大行程执行器、高阻尼、自适应响应、形状记忆、超弹性等,可用于各种智能系统。形状记忆材料中的激励感应相变导致了材料的许多独特的性能,支配着材料性质的显著变化。讨论了改进目前材料系统和研发新的形状记忆材料所面临的技术障碍和挑战。

In this paper, smart shape-memory alloys （SMA） , shape-memory ceramics （SMC） and shape-memory polymers （SMP） are reviewed, including their structures, fabrication methods, characteristics and applications. The shape-memory materials （ SMM ） exhibit some novel performances, such as sensitivity（to thermal, stress or field） , large-stroke actuation, high lamping, self-adaptive response, shape memory and super elasticity capability, which can be utilized in smart system. The basic phenomena in the materials, the stimulus-induced phase transformations which result in the unique performances and govern the remarkable changes of properties of the materials, are described. The barriers and the challenges faced in improving the present materials system and developing more new shape-memory materials are discussed.