先秦至唐宋姓氏书之产生与发展

The Appearance and Development of Surname Book from Pre-Qin Period to Tang and Song Dynasties

姓氏产生至今已有数千年历史,其总数已累积至二万多条,而我们对姓氏之研究、分类、汇编也经历了一个缓慢而曲折的过程。西周设有掌管姓氏世系之机构,战国时已有掇集姓氏之单篇文献流传。东汉王符率先对姓氏进行分类,使我们对先秦姓氏有了一个清晰的认识。六朝因九品中正制的铨选制度,使姓氏与谱牒融为一体,共同发展。唐代虽以科举取士选官,却仍未摆脱世族门第理念,所以自刘宋曾产生一部纯粹姓氏书——何承天《姓苑》后,一直都得不到独立的完善和发展,即使是享誉学林的林宝《元和姓纂》,仍然带有谱系的性质。五代战乱,谱牒散佚殆尽,宋代虽亦大量修谱,旨在收族而不在矜伐门第,故产生了类似于词典的姓氏书《姓解》。伴随着韵书的成熟与完善,姓氏书开始用韵来编排。南北宋之交,郑樵《氏族略》对姓氏的分类与研究,邓名世《古今姓氏书辩证》对姓氏的考证,成为姓氏书发展史上的双璧。

'Surname',or family name,came into being thousands of years ago and its total number has now accumulated to 20,000. The researches,classification and collection of surnames have gone through a slow and circuitous process. In West Zhou dynasty,organizations in charge of surnames and lineage were set up; in the Warring State Period,a text collecting surnames was spread far and wide; Wang Fu in East Han dynasty classified the surnames; while surname and genealogy integrated into one in Six dynasties. Later,books including Xing Yuan by He Chengtian,Yuan He Xing Zuan by Lin Bao,Shi Zu Lue by Zheng Qiao,and Gu Jin Xing Shi Shu Bianzheng by Deng Mingshi were compiled one following another to record development of surnames.