论清代总督的任期

On the Tenure of Office of the Qing Dynasty Governors

总督是清代政治体系中非常重要的组成部分,是联系清廷中央政府与各省地方政府的中间环节。常设定制八总督虽无明确的任期限制,但却表现出明显的规律性,与科举制度及考绩制度有着内在联系,反映了清代政治演化的基本规律。咸同光宣时期与雍乾嘉道时期相比,总督人选上的满汉比例及总督的任期都发生了重大变化,受湘淮系督抚势力坐大的影响,总督们的任期较大幅度地延长。

Governership is an integral part of the political system in Qing Dynasty, an intermediate link connecting the central regime and the provincial government. Though the standing eight-governor system was without definite tenure limitations, it showed an internal correlation with the imperial civil examination system and the service rating system, and the law undergoing the political evolution of Qing Dynasty, proof of explicit regularity. In comparison with the reign periods of Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang, the reign periods of Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuantong saw great changes in the pro- portion of Manchu to Han personage for the candidacy of governors and the tenure of governors, which was elongated under the influence of the rising Xiang and Huai governor and inspector system.