取证主体合法性理论批判

Theoretical Criticism of the Legality of Forensics Subject

取证主体合法,即收集、获取证据的主体限于法定司法人员,被我国传统证据法学理论视为证据合法性的重要内容和基本要素之一。虽然取证主体合法性理论在我国现行刑事诉讼立法上并无直接、明确的法律条文倚为支撑,但却深刻地影响到我国刑事司法实践,被实务部门奉为圭臬并以之作为判断证据合法性的重要标准。依据取证主体合法性理论,取证主体限于法定的刑事司法机关及其工作人员,其他机关或个人均不具有取证的主体资格,其所获证据不具有证据能力,不得直接作为证据在刑事诉讼中使用。然而,由于法解释上缺乏依据、法理基础缺位以及法实践中导致的悖论,我国传统证据法学所主张的取证主体合法性理论其实并不是一项科学合理的证据学理论,应当予以扬弃。

The legality of forensics subject, i. e. , the subject of collecting and obtaining evidence defined to statutory judicial staff is treated as one of the important contents and basic elements in evidence legality by China＇s traditional legal theory. Although there is no direct and clear article for the theory of legality of forensics subjects to rely on in China＇s current criminal legislation, the legality of forensics subject has a profound impact on the criminal judicial practice in China and it is regarded as a model and used as an important standard of judging the evidence＇s legality. Based on the theory of legality of forensics subject, the forensics subject is defined to the statutory criminal justice and its staff, and other agencies or individuals are not qualified with the forensics subject so evidences obtained by them can not be available as evidence in criminal proceeding directly. However, due to the lack of explanation on the law basis, the absence of jurisprudence foundation as well as the paradox caused in law practice, the theory of the legality of forensics subject advocated by Chinese traditional evidence law in fact is not a scientific and reasonable theory of science of evidence, and therefore, it should be discarded.