养分管理与农田杂草生物多样性和遗传进化的关系研究进展

Advances in studies on weeds biodiversity and genetic evolution in farmland in relation to nutrient management

施肥被看作是一项潜在降低农田杂草对作物干扰的有效农作管理措施。不同施肥处理可形成具有不同养分状况的土壤条件,而土壤条件的差异是导致杂草生物多样性的重要因素。论证养分管理可显著改变农田杂草发生状况和杂草生物多样性,强调了深入开展不同养分管理模式对农田杂草生物多样性和遗传进化影响研究的重要性,提出了如何利用养分管理措施调节农田杂草,在控制杂草对农业危害的同时,保持一定农田可控杂草生物多样性的科学问题。长期N、P和K平衡配施,可维持杂草群落和杂草种子库的生物多样性与稳定性,兼顾杂草控制和杂草多样性保护,实现平衡施肥的经济效应与生态效应的统一。同时,农业生态系统中不同养分管理措施条件下的地表光辐射变化特征、不同光辐射变化对杂草种群种子萌发及植株建立的影响、优势杂草种群的确定及其生理生态和遗传进化规律是今后研究的重点和难点。

Weeds grown in the crop field compete with crops for light,nutrients and moisture,usually resulting in declined crop yields and quality.Weeds biodiversity,however,is considered to play an important role in preserving normal functions of farmland ecosystem,ecological balance and so on.Fertilization is regarded as a potentially effective agronomic practice for reducing weed interference with crops.Different fertilization practices can diversify soil fertility which is an important factor affecting weed diver-sity in its occurrence and distribution,while different nutrients can alter weed variety and community as well as growth and thus,diversify influences under different nutrient combinations.This article thoroughly discussed significant effects of nutrient manage-ment on weed occurrence and biodiversity and stressed the importance of in-depth research on nutrient management in relation to weed biodiversity and its genetic evolution.Furthermore,how to control farmland weed biodiversity with proper nutrient manage-ment and how to maintain weed diversity while minimizing its competitive effect on crops are also proposed.The authors suggested that long-term balanced NPK fertilization is helpful in maintaining biodiversity by stabilizing weed communities and seed bank in soil,finally realizing the goal of sound economic and ecological effects through balanced fertilization.The characteristics of solar radiation at soil surface as affected by different nutrient managements,effects of different solar radiations on weed seed germination and stand development,determination of dominant weed species and their physiological,biological and genetic evolution in agro-ecosystem can be the critical and basic process for further research.