7Cook SF, Lanza L, Zhou X, et al.Gastrointestinal side effects in chronic opioid users : results from a population-based survey[ J ].Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2008,27 : 1224-1232.
8Ellina K, Jose J, Deborah A, et al.Prophylaxis for Opioid-Induced Constipation in Elderly Long-Term Care Residents: A Cross- Sectional Study of Medicare Beneficiaries[ J ] .The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, 2007,5 ( 2 ) : 129-136.
9Thomas J.Opioid-Induced Bowel Dysfunction[ J ] .Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2008,35 ( 1 ) : 103-113.
10Caraceni A, Hanksg, Kaasa S, el al.Use of opioid analgesics in the treatment of cancer pain: evidence-based recommendations from the EAPC[ J ] .Lancet Oncol, 2012, 13 ( 2 ) : 58-68.
