论清朝前期涉外法的渊源

Traditions and Policies of Buddhism in North Wei Dynasty Revealed by Yuan Cheng's Memorial to the Throne

清朝前期涉外法的渊源,既有皇帝谕旨和成文法典,又有判例成案和习惯惯例,还有与周边国家签订的双边条约。这些法律渊源有层次、范围和效力的差别。与前代相比,清朝前期涉外法的渊源有三大变化:一是大量地方性法规的制定;二是典型判例"乾隆九年定例"的出现;三是多个双边条约的制定。这些都是明代以前涉外法律所没有的。

Since North Wei emperors of Gao Zu and Shi Zu,aristocrats of Xianbei People speeded the conversion to the Han nationality.The change of impersonal environment caused expansion and development of temple economy,and it also made the belief of Buddhism common,utilitarian,and folk.However,governors of North Wei Dynasty wished that they could confine and weaken the temples' power and influence with Confucian doctrine.Therefore,there appeared Yuan Cheng's memorial to the throne of restricting Buddhism,which met the general requirements of North Wei rulers.Yuan Cheng's intention was good,but whether it could be carried out or not depended on the Buddhist believers' nationality and historical tradition.