刑法学上“类型观”的生成与展开:以构成要件理论的发展为脉络

The Emergency and Evolvement of the Concept of Type in Criminal Law:Focused on the Development of "Tatbestand" Theory

在刑法理论中,"类型观"的生成与拓展,在实质意义上依赖于构成要件理论的推动。从"行为类型"到"违法类型"再到"责任类型",构成要件开始被作为整体的"犯罪类型"加以对待。也正是伴随着构成要件理论的发展,"类型"的观念在刑法学上逐渐被接受并得以沉淀。以构成要件为媒介,不但规范与类型之间获得了相互沟通,而且经验与理念亦得以彼此对接。进而,以构成要件理论为启发,类型思维还可以全面推进至刑法的整个版图:从构成要件的类型化到犯罪阻却事由的类型化;从犯罪行为的类型化到犯罪人的类型化;从犯罪成立条件的类型化到犯罪之法律效果的类型化。如此一来,刑法的知识体系将在类型思维的归整下,变得条理井然、面目一新。

The concept of type is pushed forward by the theory of ＂Tatbestand＂ in the field of criminal law.From the ＂type of act＂ to the ＂type of wrong＂ and then to the ＂type of culpability,＂ ＂Tatbestand＂ was finally considered to be the ＂type of crime.＂ Meanwhile,the ideology of type was formed and accepted in criminal law.Not only ＂norm＂ and ＂type＂ meet each other in ＂Tatbestand,＂ but also ＂experience＂ and ＂value＂ are connected together.Furthermore,this paper thinks that the concept of type can be applied in all areas of criminal law,from ＂Tatbestand＂ to ＂Legal Defense,＂ from ＂offense＂ to＂ offender,＂ from ＂elements of crime＂ to ＂punishments of crime.＂