实证主义的现代性迷误——马尔库塞实证主义批判的现代性启示

On Modernity Confusion of Positivism——Modernity Inspiration of Marcuse's Critique of Positivism

实证哲学的奠基人是圣西门,他把社会视为是一个自然过程,是一个中性的事实的世界。圣西门从社会和谐出发,得出了社会不和谐的结论。圣西门的实证哲学遭到了社会科学理论的激烈批判,这一批判证明实证哲学不能反映社会的实际,也不能指导社会走向进步,它只能堕落成为统治的帮凶。孔德反对理性、形而上学的普遍性,反对否定社会现实,把社会视为生物学的"静力学",并主张用实证哲学来改变人们的观念和道德。孔德主张权威的决定作用,从而取消了自由,对于法西斯的权威,他也持相同的态度。孔德在他的社会"动力学"中也承认社会的进步,但这种进步并不是哲学意义上的,而是生物学意义上的进化。进化是相对主义的,它只具有认识的属性,而无价值的性质。马尔库塞对实证哲学的上述观点进行了深入的批判,认为圣西门、孔德实证哲学的结果与前提相矛盾,因而他们的实证哲学是混乱的非逻辑的哲学体系。实证哲学在现代人的生活中很有市场,马尔库塞对实证哲学的批判,有助于人们走出这一迷误。

This paper is designed to explore Marcuse＇s critique of Positivism.Marcuse＇s analysis shows that Saint Simon,the founder of Positivism,who made the conclusion of no social harmony from the presupposition of social harmony.Marcuse＇s critique also shows that Comto＇s suggestion about social development in fact is the dimension of biological evolution.There is only the nature of science and there is not the nature of value in this kind of biological evolution in the view of Marcuse＇s critique.In sum,the presupposition is in contradiction with its conclusion in the thoughts of the thinkers of Positivism.Marcuse＇s Critique,in fact,enlightens the approach of getting rid of confusion of positivism for modern people.