补贴与反补贴措施之专向性标准问题研究——基于美国对华反补贴调查实践的思考

A Study on the Issue of Specificity Standard in Respect of Subsidy & Countervailing Measures——Reflections on the Investigation of U.S. Countervailing Investigations against China

美国专向性标准源于对补贴概念的界定,实践中对限制实施反补贴税案件的数量发挥了积极作用。国会将拓展专向性标准内涵的权力交给了行政主管机构与法院,两者通过判例不断发展与创新专向性标准,形成法律专向性与事实专向性两种基本类型。《SCM协定》之专向性标准基本上照搬了美国专向性标准,事实专向性标准之四个构成因素在WTO专家组的司法实践中得到了体现,但在认定时完全基于个案事实,所以具有任意性与不确定性。在中国诉美国"双反合并"调查的两个磋商案中,法律、事实与区域专向性标准、程序规则、与专向性有关的基准及第三国信息规则等将成为双方争议的焦点,中国应当采取"无专向性抗辩"等措施积极应对。

The specificity standard originates from the definition of subsidy and plays a positive role in the limitation of imposition of countervailing duty cases.The Congress delegates its power to the executive bodies & the courts to expand the meanings of specificity.The two gradually develop and reform the specificity standard,and finally de jure specificity & de facto specificity have come into being.The specificity standard of ASCM is borrowed in large part from the U.S.,and the four elements of des facto specificity are embodied in the judicial practice of WTO panels,which are determinated on a case-by case basis and is characterized as arbitrary & uncertain.In the two consultation cases regarding antidumping & countervailing duty investigations,de jure,de facto,and regional specificity standards,procedural rules,benchmarks & third-country information rules shall turn into the focus of dispute,and China should take countermeasures including non-specificity defense.