“等标污染法”在山东省水环境农业非点源污染源评价中的应用

Using Equivalent Standard Pollution method to evaluate impacts of agricultural non-point pollution resources on water environment in Shandong Province

综合评价不同污染源对水环境的影响是进行污染物总量控制的前提,也是农业非点源污染源头预防的重要依据。采用"等标污染法"计算了2007年山东省化肥、畜禽粪便、生活排污3种污染源中总氮、总磷2种污染物的流失量,以及全省17个地市3种污染源中2种污染物的等标污染负荷与等标污染指数。结果表明:全省总氮流失量以化肥贡献率最高,而总磷流失量以畜禽粪便所占比例最大,畜禽粪便、化肥、生活排污3种污染源中营养元素流失量分别占总流失量的49.3%、42.6%、8.1%;山东省总氮等标污染负荷略高于总磷,不同地市间差异较大,化肥与畜禽粪便以潍坊市最高,而临沂市生活排污等标污染负荷最大,2种污染物等标污染负荷均以潍坊市最高;3种污染源中以畜禽粪便对山东省水环境的影响强度最大,生活排污、化肥、畜禽粪便的等标污染负荷比例为1:4:7;受等标污染负荷与水环境总量的共同影响,山东省不同地市间等标污染指数差异明显,等标污染指数以德州市最高,农业非点源污染潜在威胁最大,其次为聊城、菏泽、滨州、泰安。应针对各区域不同的重点污染源进行农业非点源污染防控技术研究,降低其对水资源污染的威胁。

A comprehensive evaluation of impacts of different pollution resources on water environment is a prerequisite for controlling total amount of pollutants.This forms an important basis for prevention of agricultural non-point source pollution.The amount of total nitrogen and phosphorus loss from agricultural sources （chemical fertilizer,livestock and poultry manure,and live sewage）,equivalent standard pollution loads （ESPL） and equivalent standard pollution indices （ESPI） of 17 cities in Shandong Province were calculated in this study.The results show that chemical fertilizer and livestock and poultry manure are the biggest sources of total nitrogen and phosphorus,respectively.Livestock and poultry manure,chemical fertilizer and live sewage account for 49.3%,42.6% and 8.1% of the total nutrients loss respectively.Total ESPL of nitrogen is slightly higher than total ESPL of phosphorus in Shandong Province.Of the investigated cities,Weifang has the highest ESPLs of chemical fertilizer,livestock and poultry manure,as well as nitrogen and phosphorus.Linyi exhibits the highest ESPL of live sewage.Livestock and poultry manure has the strongest impact on water environment in Shandong Province.ESPL ratio for live sewage,chemical fertilizer and livestock and poultry manure is 1：4：7.Based on comprehensive ESPL effect and water resources,Dezhou has the highest ESPI and potential threat to water environment in Shandong Province.This is followed by Liaocheng,Heze,Binzhou,and Tai＇an.In order to reduce water pollution,it is important to implement different prevention and control strategies based on key pollution sources in different regions.