未出生者的法律地位和保护

New Consideration on Fetus Legal Status and Protection

对未出生者的法律地位及利益保护,学说纷纭,立法各异。关于其法律地位之学说和立法例,可区分为主体地位否定说和主体地位肯定说两种。就立法趋势而言,当属主体地位肯定说。但主体地位肯定说之拟制说和条件说各有利弊,又因出生时间之确定上,众说纷纭尚无定论,加之考虑到现在人工辅助生殖技术带来的胚胎法律地位问题,笔者提出"特殊状态生命保护说",即对未出生之胎儿,以活体出生为条件,关于继承、纯获利益与损害赔偿请求等个人利益之保护,自受孕时起享有民事权利能力。如此,可采诸说之长,而避其短。

There are many different theories and legislations on fetus legal status and its interest protection which can be divided into two main groups： one is admitting fetus as one kind of subjects of civil law and the other is denying its legal status as subject.The former demonstrates current trend of legislation.However,there are merits and demerits of both subject fiction theory and conditional subject theory.Furthermore,there is still no definite conclusion on time of birth in theory.More importantly,considering the change of fetus＇ legal status accompanied with reproductive technology of human,we put forward ＂special status lives protection theory＂,that is,protecting fetus＇ interests with a precondition of born alive of the fetus to avoid current theories＇ demerits.