先秦儒、道“通”、“异”论

On the "Similarity" and "Difference" between Confucians and Scholars of Tao in Pre-Qin Period

春秋战国时期,儒、道两家都以"道"作为追求和向往的对象。所不同的是,前者之"道"为"天道"和"先王之道"的结合,是一种典型的尊天明神的"神道设教"信仰;后者之"道"则表现出对现实的超越性,是一种典型的形而上学的理想。但二者所崇之"道",都具有"言说"的性质和特点。"道"体现于社会,则表现出了对理想社会的回归:老子的"小国寡民"与孔子的"大同社会"似无本质区别。而对于这种理想社会的治理,孔、老都主张采取"无为而治"的态度和策略。二者的主要不同在于对待"礼"的态度:儒要奉礼,道要毁礼。

In the Spring-Autumn and Warring States period,Confucians and scholars of Tao all regard＂Tao＂ as the ultimate goal,which they are seeking and longing for.However,the former’s ＂Tao＂ is a combination of ＂Heaven’s Way＂ and ＂Deceased Kings’ Way＂,which is a typical faith of respect for the God of the ＂religious teaching＂ while the latter’s ＂Tao＂ shows something beyond the reality,which is a typical metaphysical ideal.Nevertheless,the ＂Tao＂ that they both worship has the nature and characteristics of the ＂speech＂.The ＂Tao＂ that is reflected in the society shows a return to an ideal society： ＂a small country with a few inhabitants＂of Lao Tzu and ＂utopia＂ of Confucius seem to have no difference in essence.As for governance of the ideal society,Confucius and Lao Tzu both advocate the attitude and strategy of ＂ruling by inactivity＂.The main difference between the two schools is their attitude toward ＂ritual＂：Confucians respect and try to keep the ritual,while scholars of Tao prefer to destroy it.