马克思是怎样讨论正义问题的?

What Is Marx's Way of Discussing the Issue of Justice?

通过与自由主义的比较,可以清晰地展现出马克思的正义原则和他为这些原则进行辩护的方式。自由主义正义理论的基础和核心是权利原则,而在马克思那里则存在着一个正义原则的序列:权利原则、贡献原则和需要原则。马克思以贡献原则反对权利原则,又以需要原则批评贡献原则。在讨论正义问题时,马克思确立了一种以物质利益和客观关系等客观性的东西说明正义原则的方法。这种方法使他能够在强调正义之历史性的同时避免陷入相对主义的陷阱。依据这种方法,正义原则的客观基础在生产制度等客观性的东西,因此,只要使得特定正义原则发挥作用的那些客观条件仍然存在,即使以较低级次的正义原则调节社会生活,仍不失为保障社会公平正义的次优替代方案。

By comparing with liberalism,the theory of justice and the discussion way of Marxism can be clearly demonstrated.＂Right principle＂ is the foundation and the core of liberalism,while in Marxism the principle of justice is in such sequence as right principle,need principle and contribution principle.Marx used the ＂contribution principle＂ against ＂right principle＂,and he used the ＂need principle＂ criticize ＂contribution principle＂.In the discussion of justice issues,Marx established a special method which focuses on ＂material interests＂ and ＂objective relations＂.This enabled him to emphasize the relativity of justice and avoided running into the trap of relativism at the same time.According to this method,the objectivity of justice is basis on the objective things such as production.So if the objective conditions of a society still exist,the principle of justice for it will play its role.Even if a lower level justice regulates social life,it is still a social justice,and we can say it is a second-best alternative.