政党类型与党内民主分析

An Analysis of the Types of Party and Democracy of Inner-Party

在不同国家、政党发展的不同阶段,政党观念不同,党内民主的理论与实践也有所不同。从历史发展看,西方政党经历了一个从近代权贵党向现代大众型政党、当代全方位党与卡特尔党的转变过程。不同类型的政党,其内部特点、党内关系不同,党内民主也有所不同。以党内集权度作为衡量党内民主的标准,当代主流政党可划分为寡头集权型、中央集权型、有限集权型、分权型四种类型。就英、美、德、俄四国主流政党而言,英国保守党属于寡头集权型、工党属于有限集权型,美国两大政党属于分权型,德国两大政党属于有限集权型,"统一俄罗斯党"属于寡头集权型、俄共属于中央集权型。对政党类型、党内关系与党内民主的比较分析,有利于认识党内民主的本质、价值、目标与限度以及党内民主理论与实践的多样性。

Because different countries have different concepts of political party at different stages of development of political parties,so the theory and practice of democracy is different.On the viewpoints of historical development,the Western political parties have a developing process from the elite party to the modern mass-party,and to the contemporary catch-all party and cartel party.Different party types have different characteristics,inner-relationships and inner-democratic.According to the degree of centralization within the party,the contemporary mainstream political parties can be divided into four types：oligarchy-authoritarian,centralization,limited centralization and decentralized political parties.Comparatively,the British Conservative Party tends to the type of oligarchy-authoritarian,the Labour Party tends to the type of limited centralization,the two major U.S.political parties belong to decentralized political parties,the two major political parties in Germany tend to the type of limited centralization,＂United Russia Party＂ tends to the type of oligarchy-authoritarian,the Russian Communist Party belongs to the type of centralization.To comparatively analysis the types of parties and inner-party democracy can contribute to understand the essence,values,goals and limits of inner-party democracy,which can help us better understand the worldly diversity of the theory and practice of inner-party democracy.