中国城市居民的分配公平感研究

People's Perception of Distributive Justice in Urban China

关于影响人们公平感的因素的解释,基于自利理论的"结构决定论"强调,人们的分配公平感是由其客观社会经济地位决定的,社会经济地位越高的人,越倾向于认为现存的分配状况是公平的;而基于相对剥夺理论的"局部比较论"则强调,人们在局部范围内与他人或自己过去状况的比较影响着人们的分配公平感。由这两种理论论辩出发,本文提出了两组相互竞争的研究假设,并用"2005年中国综合社会调查"(CGSS2005)资料予以检验。结果表明,中国城市居民的分配公平感主要是由相对比较因素决定的,无论是与自己过去的状况相比,还是与其他人的状况相比,局部比较论假设都得到了有力的支持。本研究基本上否定了"结构决定论"的观点,对于中国城市居民来说,并非人们的社会经济地位越高,就越认为自己的收入所得是公平的。

Based on self-interest theory,the structural explanation argues that people's perception on distributive justice is determined by their objective socioeconomic status. The higher their socio-economic statuses,the more distributive justice they perceive. On the contrary,relative comparison explanation,based on relative deprived theory,debates that an individual's comparison with others within the same social context or with his/her own life experiences plays much more important role than his/her objective status. This paper develops two competing hypotheses on people's perception of distributive justice in urban China. Statistical findings from Chinese General Social Survey ( CGSS2005 ) data show that the perception of distributive justice is mainly explained by comparison,no matter comparing with life experiences or with other people around. The relative comparison argument is strongly supported,while the structural explanation works poorly.