讲述体:一种民族化叙述体式的生成

Skaz:The Formation of a National Narrative Style

作为现代文体意义上的一种叙述体式,讲述体的生成乃是俄罗斯本土文学传统和西方外来文学思潮、传统文学特质与先锋文学思潮共同作用的结果。经由自普希金、果戈理以降的俄罗斯作家的创新、发展和丰富,讲述体形式在篇章结构、叙述技巧和语言表述等方面都体现出高度的艺术水平,不仅建构着作家的自我身份和民族意识,而且表现出强烈的民族特色和国家诉求。这种独特的民族化叙述体式,在很大程度上凸现出俄罗斯作家对不同于西方艺术形式的民族诉求的重视,彰显出他们对"艺术世界"和"现实世界"之间情态关系的独特审美取向。由此,讲述体在一定程度上扩展了俄国现实主义小说的叙述诗学的坚实基础,促进了现代主义小说在俄国的发生,为白银时代小说的勃兴,苏联小说的滥觞和发展、乃至后苏联小说的兴起,奠定不可忽视的物质基础和理论条件。

As a narrative form in modern stylistics, the formation of skaz is the result of the interaction between Russian literary tradition and Western literary thoughts and between traditional literary ideas and vanguard literary trends. Developed by A.Pushikin and N.Gogol, skaz reaches a high artistic level in discourse construction, narrative technique and language. Meanwhile, skaz is a means of constructing the writer's personal identity, national identity and national consciousness. As a different narrative form from the Western one, skaz shows strong national character and identity, manifesting the special aesthetic tendency of Russian writers in the relation between artistic world and realistic world. In this sense, skaz consolidates the foundation of the Russian realist tradition, advancing the emergence of Russian modernistic fiction and providing an important precondition for the prosperity of Russian novels in the Silver Age as well as the Soviet novels and post-Soviet novels.