一国两文:清季切音字运动中“国民”与“国粹”的紧张(下)

One State,Two kind of Writing System:The Tension between"Citizen" and"National Essence"in Phoneticization Movement of Late Qing (Part Ⅱ)

清季切音字运动兴起于19世纪90年代,意在创造一种便于下层社会掌握的文字,以广开民智,塑造近代国民,进而推动国家富强。但国粹主义者认为,语言乃是国粹的核心因素之一,而切音字运动仅把文字看做一种"记号",不免有"废六书"的可能。而事实上,大多数切音字运动者仍力图通过各种方式尽量在切音字中维持一种"中国特色",其中影响最大的是一种"双轨制"方案,即以汉字保存国粹,以切音字普及教育。与此同时,不少切音字运动者着力表明切音字与古学的内在关联及其对保存国粹的帮助。但是,"双轨制"方案所导致的"一国之中,两种文字"的局面再一次受到质疑。在此情形下,有学者提出,把切音字视为汉字的"补助品",以缓解"国民"与"国粹"之间的紧张。

Phoneticization （拼音） movement was rise in 1890＇s. Its goal was inventing a kind of writing system for local people, and to make people＇s intellectual develop, mold the modern citizen, and make Chinese rich and strong. But the scholars of national essence movement argued that Chinese language and writing system was a key element of Chinese traditional culture, but the phoneticization movement just regarded the writing system as symbol of language, so the Chinese characters would become extinct. In fact, the most members of phoneticization movement still try to keep ＂Chinese feature＂ in alphabetic system. The most influential program was the ＂double track program＂, which was to keep the traditional characters to preserve the national essence and to use alphabetic characters to popularize eduction. At the same time, many members of the phoneticization movement try to reveal the inner link between alphabetic characters and traditional learning. But the situation of ＂two writing system in one state＂ in phoneticization movement led many critiques again. 80, a new idea came out. That was to use alphabetic characters as the supplement to traditional characters to relax the tension between ＂citizen＂ and ＂national essence＂.