中国0至18岁正常儿童青少年身体比例生长规律的研究

Study on body proportions of 0-18 years old children and adolescents in China

目的分析中国0～18岁正常儿童青少年身体比例(坐高腿长比)的生长变化规律,性别、城乡和地区差异及长期变化趋势。方法 以2005年"中国九市7岁以下儿童体格发育调查"和"全国学生体质健康调研"中九城市正常汉族儿童青少年为研究对象。调查地区包括北京、哈尔滨、西安、上海、南京、武汉、广州、福州、昆明市的城区及乡村。身高(<3岁以身长表示)和坐高(<3岁以顶臀长表示)均为现场测量获得。按照气候、环境等因素将调查城市分为北部(北京、哈尔滨和西安)、中部(上海、南京和武汉)和南部(广州、福州和昆明)3个地区。探讨身体比例的自然生长规律;分析身体比例的性别、城乡和地区差异。以1985年上述两项调查的数据资料为参照,分析身体比例20年的变化趋势。结果①身体比例呈随年龄增长逐渐减小的趋势,男性在12～13岁、女性在10～11岁时身体比例降至最低,随后略微回升,17岁以后基本稳定。②身体比例的性别差异分析结果显示,不论城乡,11岁前男女差别甚微,11岁后女性略高于男性,在13岁时差别幅度最大。身体比例的城乡差异分析结果显示,不论性别,6～7岁前城乡差别不大,之后乡村略高于城区,12～13岁后城乡基本无差异。身体比例地区差异分析结果显示,不论城乡和性别,北、中和南部3个地区儿童青少年的身体比例曲线几乎重合。③2005年身体比例在7～12岁较1985年出现小幅下降,儿童早期和青春后期身体比例无明显变化。结论中国0～18岁正常儿童青少年身体比例随年龄增长呈规律性变化;身体比例在青春期前性别差别不明显,青春期后女性略高于男性;身体比例不存在明显的城乡和地区差别,未呈现明显的长期变化趋势。

Objective To know the growth rhythm of body proportions of 0 - 18 years old Chinese healthy children and adolescents, and analyze gender difference, regional difference and secular changes of body proportions. Methods Healthy Han children and adolescents in 9 provinces （cities） from two national representative cross-sectional surveys named ＂ The National Growth Survey of Children under 7 years in the Nine Cities of China in 2005＂ and ＂The Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance of Chinese School Students in 2005＂ were enrolled . The data of the above-mentioned two investigations in 1985 were used to analyze the secular changes of the ratio of sitting height to leg length（ crown-rump length） （SH/LL）. Crown-rump length and length were measured before 3 years old, and from 3 years old onward, sitting height and height were measured . Leg length was obtained by subtracting sitting height （crown-rump length ） from height （length）. Results （1）SH/LL decreased gradually with age and bottomed at 12 - 13 years of age in boys and 10 - 11 years of age in girls. Then SH/LL increased slightly and kept flatting after 17 years of age. （2）Before 11 years old, the gender difference was not obvious in SH/LL, and after that SH/LL of girls was slightly higher than that of boys. The gender difference was relatively large at the age of 13 years. SH/LL of urban and rural children was similar before 6 -7 years of age, after that SH/LL of rural children was slightly higher than that of urban children and then the difference wasn＇t obvious after 12 - 13 years of age. The SH/LL charts were almost coincident in different areas. （3）The SH/LL of 7 - 12 years old children slightly decreased and the SH/LL of preschool and late pubertal children had no obvious change from 1985 to 2005. Conclusions SH/LL is regularly changed with age in 0 - 18 years old Chinese children and adolescents. There is no gender difference in pre-pubertal children, and SH/LL of girls is higher slightly than that of boys after post-pubertal. There are not obvious urban-rural difference, regional difference or secular change in SH/LL in China.