肾移植术后并发甲型副伤寒五例分析

Clinical analysis of 5 cases of paratyphoid fever A after renal transplantation

目的 探讨肾移植术后并发甲型副伤寒的临床特征、诊断思路及治疗措施.方法 肾移植术后并发甲型副伤寒的5例患者均为县级以下城镇或农村居民,术后采用环孢素A（或他克莫司）＋吗替麦考酚酯（MMF）＋醋酸泼尼松的免疫抑制方案.1例因受凉起病,其余4例无明显诱因.发病时间分别为术后5、7、7、9和14个月.入院时,5例均有不同程度的呕吐和腹泻等消化系统症状;3例有发热、畏寒、乏力及头痛等中毒症状;3例有鼻塞和咽部充血等呼吸系统表现;1例血压较原基础血压升高,1例相对缓脉.3例患者出现尿量减少,其中1例伴有肉眼血尿,移植肾区肿胀、压痛及血压上升.仅1例肥达试验（恢复期）甲型副伤寒抗体呈阳性.结果 入院时5例患者均以急性胃肠炎或MMF不良反应治疗,疗效欠佳.5例患者均经血培养确诊后,选用第3代头孢菌素和氟喹诺酮类联合治疗,治疗7～10 d后,5例患者全部治愈.治疗过程中,1例患者发生急性排斥反应,给予甲泼尼龙冲击治疗3 d后好转;3例患者血环孢素A或他克莫司浓度出现较大波动及移植肾功能下降等免疫抑制剂中毒症状,调整免疫抑制剂用量后,肾功能恢复正常.结论 肾移植术后甲型副伤寒的早期症状及辅助检查缺乏特异性,其确诊主要依靠血培养,氟喹诺酮类和第三代头孢菌素可作为治疗的首选药物,治疗中应密切监测免疫抑制剂血药浓度.

Objective To probe into the clinical features, ways of diagnosis and treatment measures of concurrent paratyphoid fever A after renal transplantation. Methods The 5 patients were all town or village people under the county level. After the operation, the immunosuppressive scheme of ciclosporin A （or Tacrolimus） ＋ mycophenolate mofetil （MMF） ＋ prednisone acetate was adopted. One case was caused by catching cold and the rest 4 had no any distinct inducement. Five patients fell ill respectively at the 5th, 7th, 7th, 9th and 14th month after the operation. On the admission, the 5 patients suffered from gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea to varying degrees; 3 from toxic symptoms such as fever, intolerance of cold, hypodynamia and headache; 3 from symptoms of the respiratory system such as stuffy nose and congestion of throat; 1 from elevation of blood pressure; 1 from relative slow pulse. In 3 patients with decrease of urine volume, 1 suffered from gross hematuria, swelling of transplanted area of the kidney, pain on pressure and rise of blood pressure. Only 1 patient＇s paratyphoid fever A antibody in the Widal＇s test gastroenteritis or untoward reaction of MMF and the curative effect was bad. After definite diagnoses,the combined treatment of the third-generation cephalosporin and FQNS were given to all of them.After treatment for 7-10 days, the symptoms in all patients all disappeared. During the treatment, 1 patient was diagnosed as acute rejection and given the methylprednisolone shock for 3 days. After that, the patient＇s graft function was improved; 3 patients suffered from relatively great fluctuation of blood concentration of immunosuppressive agent and toxic symptoms such as decrease of the graft function, etc. After adjustment of dosage, their indicators of renal function became normal. Conclusion Early symptoms and accessory examinations of paratyphoid fever A after renal transplantation lack specificities. Diagnosis of paratyphoid fever A after renal transplantation mainly depends on blood culture. Drugs of first choice include FQNS and the third-generation cephalosporin. During the treatment, the doctor should closely monitor blood concentration of the immunosuppressive agent.