美国学前教育师资培养的方式、特点及其启示

On the Training of Early Childhood Teachers in America

在学前教育受到政府高度重视的背景下,美国学前教育教师培养已形成一个起点高、体制完备、操作性强的有机体系,重视职前培养、新教师入职培训与在职教师专业发展培训的一体化,具有以下突出特点:政府立法确保学前教育师资培训的实施,并给予资金保障;采用专业权威团体研发的标准化评估体系保证学前教育师资培训质量;将教师培训与教师资格认证制度相结合,促使幼儿教师不断追求卓越与优秀;职前培训、入职培训与在职培训的密切联系规划了幼儿教师的专业成长生涯。在实际实施中,美国学前教育师资培养体系也存在一些不足,如评价标准与资格认证制度的推行存在一定难度;所采用的标准化评估体系也并非完美无缺;专业发展培训的实效不是很令人满意。立足我国国情,我们还是可以从美国学前教育师资培养中学到以下宝贵经验:应尽快制定我国幼儿教师教育标准,设立以实践为目标,以教学为核心的评价体系和考核制度,提高幼教师资整体质量,促进幼儿教育职业的专业化;加强师范院校与幼教机构的联系,实现教育理论与实践的融合,确保学前教师的专业质量;大力培养高级幼儿教育导师,建立健全覆盖所有在职幼儿教师的专业发展培训体系。

In America, the training of early childhood teachers consists of three different stages： pre- service teacher training, induction of new teachers, and professional development of in-service teachers. These early childhood teacher programs are combined correspondingly with three different kinds of professional standards, paving the way for the early childhood teacher growth so as to guarantee the quality of teacher programs for early childhood. This article tries to introduce and analyze the characteristics of the training of early childhood teachers in America from the perspective of practice, on the basis of which some implications for the training of preschool teachers for our country are explored.