对马克思主义政治经济学几个基本理论问题的探讨——与刘诗白先生商榷

On Some Basic Theoretical Issues of Marxist Political Economy——Discussing with Mr. LIU Shi-bai

私人劳动和社会劳动之间的矛盾,不应该被看作是仅仅存在于简单商品经济社会,是简单商品经济的基本矛盾,而应该看作是商品经济的基本矛盾,它存在于一切商品经济社会。生产社会化和生产资料归资本主义私人占有形式之间的矛盾与私人劳动和社会劳动之间的矛盾同时并存于资本主义社会,二者之间不存在一种替代的关系;超额剩余价值不仅仅来源于本企业工人的剩余劳动,而且也来源于本部门劳动生产率特别低的企业工人的剩余劳动;流动资本中属于劳动力这部分资本的价值,并不是转移到新产品中去的,而是由雇佣工人的活劳动创造出来的。流动资本与固定资本的划分根据也并不是资本不同部分"价值转移方式"的不同,而是资本不同部分"价值周转方式"的不同。

The conflicts between individual labor and social labor should not be regarded as existing only in the simple commodity economy.Nor should they be considered as the basic conflicts of simple commodity economy,but as the basic conflicts of commodity economy which exist in all commodity economies.The conflicts between socialization of production and the private ownership of the means of production by the capitalists coexist in the capitalist societies.One can not substitute the other.Surplus value above the quota not only comes from the surplus labor of the workers of the current enterprise,but also comes from the surplus labor of the workers who work in the very low efficient departments.The value of this part of the floating capital allocated to labor is not transferred to the new product,but is created by the living labor of the employees.The reason for dividing floating capital and fixed capital is the based on the differences of the value transfer methods between the different capitals,but on the differences of value turnover methods between these different capitals.