北京农村地区2～3岁儿童的气质与父母养育方式

Correlation between temperament and parental rearing patterns in 2～3 year-old childrenin countryside of Beijing

目的：探讨2～3岁农村幼儿气质与父母养育方式的关系，为提高教养水平提供依据。方法：在北京市5个区县随机整群抽取身体健康，并且丹佛发育筛选测验（（Denver Developmental Screening Test，DDST）筛查正常的2～3岁农村儿童779名（男童406人，女童373人；2岁组376人，3岁组403人），采用幼儿气质评估表（Toddler Temperament Scale，TTS）和3～7岁儿童气质问卷（Behavioral Style Questionnaire，BSQ）评估儿童气质类型及各维度得分，用儿童抚养行为Q分类卡片（Child—rearing Practice Report Q Sort，CRPR）来了解养育方式。结果：父母对男童的惩罚得分低于对女童[（21．2±2．7）VS．（21．6±2．8），P〈0．05]，对2岁组的保护担忧得分低于对3岁组[（19．9±4．4）VS．（20．8±4．6），P〈0．01]；不同气质类型养育方式存在显著差异，启动缓慢型儿童（n=64）父母的接受性[（17．4±3．4）VS．（15．1±3．8），（15．2±4．1），P〈0．01]、鼓励独立[（11．9±3．1）VS．（10．4±2．9），（11．0±3．3），P〈0．01]、保护担忧[（21．7±4．2）VS．（20．4±4．6），（19．6±4．3），P〈0．05]得分高于易养型（n=607）和难养型（n=108），易养型儿童父母的拒绝[（23．2±3．7）VS．（21．1±2．3），（21．9±3．8），P〈0．01]得分高于其他两类；儿童消极的气质特点（难养型和启动缓慢型）与父母的拒绝（β=0．653，0．722）和较少鼓励独立有关（β=-1．099，-0．863）。结论：北京农村父母对消极气质的儿童表现出更多的拒绝和较少鼓励独立，应指导难养型和启动缓慢型儿童家长接受儿童，适当予以鼓励。

Objective： To explore the relationship between temperament traits and parental rearing patterns in 2 -3 year-old children in countryside, in order to provide objective basis for effective rearing patterns. Methods： Totally 779 children aged 2-3 years old whose development screening was normal, including 406 boys and 373 girls, from countryside of 5 districts of Beijing were selected by random group sampling. They were assessed with the Toddler Temperament Scale （TTS ）and Behavioral Style Questionnaire （BSQ ）developed by Carey. The Child-rearing Practice was investigated to test the rearing pattern. Results： The punishment scores were lower in boys than in girls [{21.2±2.7） vs. （21.6±2.8）, P〈0.05], and the protection and concern scores were lower in 2-year-old children than in 3-year-old children [ { 19.9±4. 4 } vs. （ 20. 8± 4. 6）, P 〈 0.01 ] . Significant rearing pattern differences were found in different temperament types. There were higher scores on acceptance [ （ 17.4±3.4） vs. （ 15.1±3.8） , （ 15.2 ±4. 1） , P 〈 0. 01 ], encouragement of independence [ （ 11.9 ±3. 1 ） vs. （10.4±2.9）, （11.0±3.3）, P〈0.01], protection and concern [ （21.7±4.2） vs. （20.4±4.6）, （ 19.6± 4. 3 ）, P 〈 0.05 ] in slow-to -warm-up temperament than in other two groups, and higher score on rejection in easy temperament group than in others [ （23.2±3.7） vs. （21.1±2.3）, （ 21.9±3.8}, P 〈0.01] . Significant correlation were found between negative temperament traits （including different temperament types and slow-to -warm-up temperament） and rejection （β = 0. 653, 0. 722 ） and encouragement of independence {β = - 1. 099, - 0. 863 ） from parents. Conclusion： Rejection and encouragement of independence may be negative factors of negative temperament traits. Parents should learn to give more acceptation and encouragement to children of difficult and slow-to -warm-up temperament types.