先秦古歌的叙事性和文体形态

On Narrativety and Stylistic Pattern of Early Qin Ballads

明冯惟讷辑《古诗纪》、近人丁福保辑《全汉三国晋南北朝诗》,在此基础上,逯钦立辑《先秦汉魏晋南北朝诗》,其中72题先秦古歌,蕴含着丰富的文体发生意义。这些古歌在先秦或汉代典籍中出现之时,就带有"歌日"等文体标记,区别于谣、谚、诗,说明当时人已有明确的文体区分意识。这些歌与历史人物和故事同在典籍,具有具体的叙事内涵。歌与音乐关系密切。歌的语体由简单到丰富,二言、三言、四言、七言、骚体等句式都有,韵式也不单一,句句韵、隔句韵、换韵、富韵等方式都有。一切都不如后世规范,正说明诗歌文体初发生的样态。东汉赵煜所撰《吴越春秋》中有三首七言歌,其整饬的七言句式和句句用韵、一韵到底的韵式,早于曹丕《燕歌行》,是七言诗史上的重要文献。

72 early Qin ballads in The Poetry of the early Qin,Han,Wei,Jin,Northern and Southern Dynasties are of significance in stylistic development.They appeared in song form in the books and records of the early Qin and Han Dynasties with distinct style from folk song,legend or poetry.These collected ballads together with historic figures and stories had clear narrative connotation and close relation with music from simplicity to abundance,such as two-character,three-character,four-character,seven-character and Sao style.Moreover,they appeared in a variety of rhyme schemes and were not so normative as later ballads,which indicates the beginning of poetry style.The three seven-character songs in Wuyue Chun Qiu（＂Spring and Autumn Period＂） written by Zhao Yu of the eastern Han Dynasty with regular sentences and just one rhyming from beginning to the end,are an important document of the seven-character poetry before Cao Pi＇s Yan Ge Xing（＂Poetry of the Han Dynasty＂）.