DNA分子标记研究进展

Progress of Studies on the Molecular Markers

探究与了解遗传变异有助于我们从分子基础上理解各种生命现象。由于并非所有的物种都进行过基因组测序,因此,分子标记技术以及它们与表型的关系可以作为有用的标签帮助我们研究遗传变异。基于DNA的分子标记如:RFLP(restriction fragment length polymorphism),RAPD(random ampli?ed polymorphic DNA),SSR(simple sequence repeats)and AFLP(ampli-?edfragment length polymorphism)等应用于生态学、分类学、进化方面、系统发生以及遗传学方面的研究。最近几年,出现了一批新的分子标记技术,这些新的分子标记技术最初源自几种基本的分子标记技术的结合。新的分子标记技术联合了基本分子标记技术的优点,提高了灵敏度以及检测基因的不连续性和特异性。新的分子标记技术利用了一组新的DNA元件如:反转录转座子、线粒体微卫星序列、叶绿体微卫星序列等,通过增加基因组的覆盖率而检测遗传的多样性。RAPD和AFLP同样应用在以cDNA为模板来研究基因的表达。这篇综述主要介绍了近二十年来各种分子技术以及其原理。

It is useful for us to discovery and study various life phenomena if based on molecular methods. As the measurement sequences of all species is not available, so the molecular marker technology which definitely reflects the relationship with prototype is a profound tool as a tag to help the genetic mutant researches. There are some DNA molecular marker technologies such as RFLP （restriction fragment length polymorphism）, RAPD （random ampli？ ed polymorphic DNA）, SSR （simple sequence repeats） and AFLP （ampli？ ed fragment length polymorphism） and so on which now widely applied on these fields about ecology, taxonomy, evolution, phylogenesis and genetic. At present, a batch of improved molecular marker technologies have emerged which are foundational on the combination of several DNA markers. Those improved marker technologies are not only more sensitive, specific but also take advantage of some new DNA fragments such as retretransposons, mitochondrial and chloroplast based microsatellites, thereby revealing genetic variation through increased genome coverage. This review＇s purpose is to introduce the molecular marker methods and their principles.