后民族欧洲与宪政爱国主义:结构主义与文化主义的二元分析

Post-Nation Europe and Constitutional Patriotism

后民族的内涵可以在结构主义-文化主义分类的基础上进行界定。结构主义的后民族主要指民族国家的主体性地位正在受到动摇,而文化主义的后民族则指称民族认同的弱化和民族想象的消解。欧洲的后民族结构已经具备一定规模,但欧洲的后民族认同才初现雏形。哈贝马斯的宪政爱国主义是一种对后民族欧洲的结构主义和文化主义理解的调和。从外观上看,宪政爱国主义更多展现了文化主义的特征,即强调共同的政治文化以及共享的欧洲观念,但从实质来看,宪政爱国主义则更多暗藏了结构主义的要素,如对欧洲宪政、公民权和公共领域的强调。宪政爱国主义的提出与当代民族主义的自由主义转向趋势相一致,但与其他的自由民族主义者相比,哈贝马斯更为彰显自由主义结构的作用。宪政爱国主义的强自由主义结构容易产生"一致性的帝国",而对这一问题的补救则需要回到文化主义,特别是需要在多元文化主义的思想中寻求调和的元素。

The contents of post-nation can be defined on the dichotomy of structuralism and culturalism.In structuralist perspective,post-nation mainly indicates that the subject position of nation-state has been shaken,but in the context of culturalism,post-nation means the weakening of nation identity and the ebbing of nation imagination.The post-nation constellation in Europe has already expanded to certain scale,but the post-nation identity in Europe is just in an early form.Constitutional patriotism of Habermas is a middle course between structuralism and culturalism.It has an appearance of culturalism that emphasizes the common political culture and shared feeling to Europe.On the other side,it contains many elements of structuralism such as laying great stress on the European constitution,civic rights and public sphere.The raise of constitutional patriotism accompanies with the contemporary tendency of nationalism forward the liberalism.Habermas tends to show more significance of the structure of the liberalism than the other liberal nationalists.The massive universality in constitutional patriotism easily produces the empire of consistency.This weakness can be complemented and mediated by multiculturalism.