转型国家养老金制度改革的国际比较——基于性别视角的分析

International Comparison of Pension System Reforms among Transitional Economies from a Gender Perspective

全球多数国家实行就业关联的养老金制度,虽然制度形式看似性别平等,但是由于男女就业特征的差异,导致男女获取养老金资源存在着差异。自20世纪80年代起,智利、前苏联东欧和中国对国内养老金制度相继进行改革。养老金制度改革必然影响到不同社会群体之间的利益分配,但是人们较少关注养老金制度改革对两性利益的影响。本文从遗属年金等规定入手,揭示了养老金改革对女性不利的因素多于有利因素,总体趋势是对女性不利。各国养老金收入的两性分配表现出共同的变化特征,即制度转型使得性别差距扩大。

Many countries have established employment-related pension systems.Although these systems appear to be gender neutral,there are differences between men and women in access to welfare resources because of the gender differences in employment.Since 1980s,Chile,the former Soviet Union countries and China have reformed domestic pension systems.Pension reforms certainly affect the benefit distribution among different social groups,but gender impact of pension reforms has not been given enough attention.The paper reveals that an overall trend of pension reforms is detrimental to women.A common feature of pension reforms is to widen gender gaps.