批判与超越:马克思早期市民社会与国家关系思想的发展理路

On the Development of Marx's Early Thought of Relationship between Civil Society and State

《莱茵报》时期的经验认识使曾受黑格尔主义影响的马克思对理性国家观产生了动摇,他揭示了"实然"的普鲁士国家与"应然"的理性国家间的矛盾。在《黑格尔法哲学批判》中,马克思把被黑格尔颠倒了的国家与市民社会的关系又颠倒了过来,初步阐述了"社会决定国家"的结论。在《德意志形态》中,他深刻阐明了"市民社会构成国家的现实基础"的观点,从"实际的利益内容"与"虚幻的共同体"分离的新维度探究了市民社会与国家的关系,将"特殊利益——普遍利益"的二元模式具体化为"单个利益——共同利益(实质是阶级利益)——全体利益"三位一体的分析框架,预设着把国家纳入到社会机体中整体把握的思想走势。在《哲学的贫困》中,马克思明确提出"社会机体"和"资产阶级社会"这对研究社会与国家关系的新视角,将从"市民社会"出发研究社会与国家的关系具体化、科学化。

The experience and knowledge in early ＂Rheinische Zeitung＂ period made Marx change the thought of rational country. Through a number of articles, he reveals the conflict between the Prussian state as ＂being＂ and the rational state as ＂ought to be＂. In ＂Critique of Hegel＇s Philosophy of Law＂,Marx reversed the relationship between civil society and state which was reversed by Hegel before, and drew the conclusion of ＂society determining state＂. In ＂Morphology o^Germany＂, he explained the profound opinion of＂civil society constituting the basis of state＂. Later, Marx gave the study of the relationship between civil society and state a new perspective with the concept of ＂civil society＂ and ＂capitalist society＂.