苦、革命教化与思想权力——北方土改期间的“翻心”实践

Laying Bare Hearts and Minds:Suffering,Revolutionary Education and Thought Power in the Land Reform in Northern China

1946年至1948年的土地改革运动期间,北方解放区广泛开展了所谓"翻心"的实践。本文集中考察这场革命式教化运动过程中以"主人翁的自觉"为政治旨归的言说与权力运作。从普通农民的思想"障碍"出发,文章引出围绕"思想"展开而以发动与领导为基本内容的权力实践。以"苦"这一革命教化在广大乡村中的主要经验着力点为轴心,文章着重分析思想权力行使的两种重要方式:"诉苦"(及"解苦")实践与"访苦"(及"引苦")实践。关于土改"翻心"的经验考察揭示出中国革命现代性的一个核心特征,即突出"心"、"思想"或"精神的东西"的重要性。就此而言,"翻心"可谓未来共和国的革命政治文化之滥觞。同时,它也揭示出现代革命实践与关注心术与教化的中国传统之间的深刻延续性。

The Liberated Areas in northern China practiced fanxin, or ＂laying bare hearts and minds＂ on a broad scale during the Land Reform movement of 1946-1948. This article examines the political discourses and the operation of power aimed at raising the peasants＇ ＂master consciousness＂ in the process of revolutionary education. Fanxin was actually a thought movement, focusing on ku, or suffering. By means of suku, or complaining about sufferings, and fangku, or visiting the suffering people, the thought movement gained its foothold across the rural areas. Through the investigation of fanxin, this empirical study demonstrates an important feature of modern Chinese revolution, that is, the emphasis on mind, thought, or ＂spiritual elements＂. Such an emphasis indicates the profound continuity between modern revolutionary practices and traditional Chinese culture.